Dosage forms refer to the specific physical forms in which pharmaceutical products are manufactured and dispensed for administration to patients. They are designed to deliver the correct dose of medication to the target site in the body.
Introduction to Dosage Forms, Classification of Dosage Forms, and Definitions are illustrated here for guidance purposes. Hence, learn more about the different types of Dosage forms with examples.
Table of Contents
classification of dosage forms
Dosage forms can be classified in various ways based on different criteria.
Classification based on Physical state
Solid Dosage Forms
Tablets: Solid dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients, typically compressed into a disc or cylinder shape.
Capsules: Gelatin shells containing powdered, granular, or liquid medications.
Powders: Finely divided solid dosage forms intended for internal or external use.
Granules: Agglomerates of smaller particles used for oral administration.
Suppositories: Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body orifices, such as the rectum or vagina.
Liquid Dosage Forms
Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable solvent.
Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures containing finely divided, undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid medium.
Emulsions: Dispersions of one liquid phase (dispersed phase) in another immiscible liquid phase (continuous phase), stabilized with an emulsifying agent.
Syrups: Concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar with or without active ingredients, often used for palatability.
Elixirs: Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions containing medicinal agents.
Semi-solid Dosage Forms
Ointments: Semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Creams: Emulsions of oil and water used for topical application.
Gels: Semi-solid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within a three-dimensional polymeric matrix.
Pastes: Semi-solid preparations containing a high proportion of solids, usually used for protective or soothing effects.
Classification based on route of administration
Oral Dosage Forms
Tablets
Capsules
Solutions
Suspensions
Emulsions
Powders
Granules
Parenteral Dosage Forms
Injections (intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intradermal)
Infusions
Implants
Topical Dosage Forms
Ointments
Creams
Gels
Lotions
Transdermal patches
Rectal and Vaginal Dosage Forms
Suppositories
Creams
Gels
Each classification serves to organize dosage forms based on their physical properties and intended method of administration, aiding in their understanding, manufacturing, and clinical use.
Types of Dosage Forms
Types of Dosage Forms and the definitions of the respective forms are provided below.
- Tablets
- Capsules
- Liquids (such as syrups or suspensions)
- Injections
- Suppositories
- Creams or ointments
- Transdermal patches
- Powders
- Gels
- Nasal sprays
- Eye drops
- Ear drops
- Vaginal creams or suppositories.
Definitions of Dosage Forms
The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation. The Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
Different types of Dosage Forms and definitions are provided here for easy understanding.
Tablets
A solid dosage form that is composed of active ingredients mixed with excipients, compressed into a small, solid form.
Capsules
A dosage form that consists of an outer shell that contains the active ingredients, typically in powder or granular form.
Liquids
A dosage form that is composed of active ingredients dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, such as water or syrup.
Injections
A dosage form that is delivered directly into the bloodstream through a needle and syringe.
Suppositories
A dosage form that is inserted into the rectum or vagina, where it melts and releases the active ingredients.
Creams or ointments
A dosage form that is applied topically to the skin and contains active ingredients mixed with a cream or ointment base.
Transdermal patches
A dosage form that is applied to the skin and releases active ingredients through the skin into the bloodstream.
Powders
A dosage form that is composed of dry, finely divided particles of active ingredients, typically intended for oral or inhaled administration.
Gels
A dosage form that is composed of a semi-solid mixture of active ingredients and a gel-like carrier.
Nasal sprays
A dosage form that is delivered through the nose, typically as a liquid or mist.
Eye drops A dosage form that is applied directly to the eye in the form of a liquid.
Ear drops A dosage form that is applied directly to the ear in the form of a liquid.
Vaginal creams or suppositories
A dosage form that is applied directly to the vagina, either as a cream or suppository, to treat vaginal infections or other conditions.
Difference between dose and dosage form
“Dose” and “dosage form” are two distinct concepts in pharmacology and pharmaceutical science, but they are closely related in the context of medication administration.
Dose
The dose refers to the amount of medication or drug administered to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. It is typically expressed in terms of mass (e.g., milligrams, micrograms), volume (e.g., milliliters), or units (e.g., international units for certain vitamins or hormones).
The dose of a medication is determined based on various factors, including the patient’s age, weight, medical condition, severity of symptoms, and individual response to treatment.
Dosing regimens may vary depending on whether the medication is administered orally, intravenously, topically, or via other routes, as well as the frequency and duration of administration.
Dosage Form
The dosage form refers to the physical presentation or formulation of a medication, which determines how the drug is delivered and administered to the patient.
Dosage forms can include solid forms (e.g., tablets, capsules, powders), liquid forms (e.g., solutions, suspensions, syrups), semi-solid forms (e.g., ointments, creams, gels), and specialized forms (e.g., transdermal patches, inhalers).
The choice of dosage form depends on various factors, including the drug’s physicochemical properties, intended route of administration, patient preferences, and therapeutic goals.
Different dosage forms may have different absorption rates, bioavailability, onset of action, and duration of effect, which can influence dosing regimens and treatment outcomes.
In summary, the dose specifies the quantity of medication administered to achieve a therapeutic effect, while the dosage form determines the physical presentation and delivery mechanism of the medication. Together, the dose and dosage form are critical considerations in prescribing and administering medications to ensure safe, effective, and optimal therapy for patients.
Free Download Here “Types of Dosage Forms pdf” (Definitions of Dosage Forms pdf).
Pharmaceutical dosage form
Pharmaceutical dosage forms are specific formulations or preparations of drugs designed to deliver a precise dose of medication to patients. They come in various physical forms and are tailored to accommodate different routes of administration, ensuring optimal efficacy, safety, and patient compliance.
Pharmaceutical forms, also known as dosage forms or drug formulations, refer to the specific physical presentations or preparations in which pharmaceutical substances are delivered for administration to patients. These forms are designed to ensure accurate dosing, effective delivery of the active ingredient(s), and patient compliance. Pharmaceutical forms can vary widely based on factors such as the route of administration, intended use, patient population, and characteristics of the active ingredients. Here are some common pharmaceutical forms (pharmaceutical dosage forms):
Solid Dosage Forms
Tablets: Solid, compressed forms containing one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) along with excipients. They are usually taken orally.
Capsules: Gelatin or similar shells enclosing powdered, granular, or liquid medication. Capsules can be either hard or soft, with the latter containing liquid or semi-solid formulations.
Powders: Finely divided solid dosage forms, often used for oral administration. They may be administered directly or mixed with water or another liquid.
Granules: Agglomerates of smaller particles, frequently used in oral dosage forms such as granules for reconstitution or as part of multiparticulate systems.
Pills: Small, rounded solid dosage forms, typically coated for easier swallowing.
Liquid Dosage Forms
Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures of one or more APIs dissolved in a suitable solvent. They are often administered orally but can also be formulated for parenteral, topical, or other routes.
Suspensions: Heterogeneous mixtures containing finely divided, undissolved particles dispersed in a liquid medium. They require shaking before administration to ensure uniformity.
Emulsions: Dispersions of one liquid phase in another immiscible liquid phase, stabilized with an emulsifying agent. They are commonly used for oral, topical, or parenteral administration.
Syrups: Concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar with or without active ingredients, used for oral administration, often for pediatric or geriatric patients.
Elixirs: Clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions containing medicinal agents, usually administered orally.
Semi-solid Dosage Forms
Ointments: Semisolid preparations intended for topical application to the skin or mucous membranes. They contain APIs dispersed in a hydrophobic base.
Creams: Emulsions of oil and water used for topical application. Creams are smoother and less greasy than ointments.
Gels: Semi-solid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within a three-dimensional polymeric matrix. They are used for topical, oral, ophthalmic, or rectal administration.
Pastes: Thick, semi-solid preparations containing a high proportion of solids, often used for protective or soothing effects.
Other Dosage Forms
Suppositories: Solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities, such as the rectum or vagina, where they melt or dissolve to release the medication.
Inhalants: Aerosolized formulations administered via inhalation for respiratory conditions.
Transdermal patches: Adhesive patches containing medication that is absorbed through the skin for systemic delivery over an extended period.
These dosage forms are developed to meet specific patient needs, taking into account factors such as route of administration, patient age, ease of use, stability, and bioavailability of the drug.
dosage formulation
Dosage formulation refers to the process of designing, developing, and manufacturing pharmaceutical dosage forms or drug formulations. It involves selecting appropriate ingredients, determining their proportions, and employing suitable techniques to create a final product that delivers the desired dose of medication in a safe, effective, and convenient manner. Dosage formulation encompasses various stages, including formulation development, optimization, and scale-up for commercial production. Here are the key aspects involved in dosage formulation:
Formulation Development: This stage involves selecting the appropriate dosage form based on factors such as the physicochemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), the intended route of administration, patient population, and therapeutic requirements. Formulation scientists design prototypes and conduct feasibility studies to assess the compatibility of the API with excipients and to optimize the formulation for stability, bioavailability, and patient acceptability.
Ingredient Selection: Formulators choose excipients, which are inactive substances that serve as carriers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, or other functions in the formulation. Excipients play a crucial role in ensuring the physical and chemical stability of the dosage form, enhancing drug solubility, controlling drug release, and improving patient adherence.
Dosage Form Design: Based on the intended route of administration and patient preferences, formulators design dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, gels, or transdermal patches. The design considerations include factors such as dosing accuracy, ease of administration, taste masking, palatability, and shelf-life stability.
Process Optimization: Formulation scientists optimize manufacturing processes to ensure reproducibility, uniformity, and efficiency in producing the dosage form at commercial scale. This involves selecting appropriate equipment, optimizing mixing techniques, granulation methods, compression or encapsulation processes, and evaluating the impact of process parameters on product quality attributes.
Quality Control: Throughout the formulation process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure the safety, efficacy, and consistency of the final product. Analytical methods are employed to assess the identity, purity, potency, dissolution rate, and other critical quality attributes of the dosage form, in compliance with regulatory standards and guidelines.
Scale-up and Production: Once the formulation is optimized and validated, it undergoes scale-up for commercial production. Manufacturing facilities produce the dosage form in large quantities while adhering to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to ensure product quality, purity, and compliance with regulatory requirements.
Dosage formulation is a multidisciplinary process that involves collaboration between formulation scientists, chemists, pharmacologists, engineers, and regulatory experts to develop safe, effective, and patient-friendly pharmaceutical products. Effective dosage formulation is essential for the successful delivery of medications and ultimately contributes to improved patient outcomes and healthcare delivery.
Immediate release dosage form
Immediate release dosage forms are pharmaceutical formulations designed to release the active ingredient(s) rapidly upon administration, leading to a prompt onset of action. These dosage forms are intended to deliver the drug quickly into the bloodstream, achieving the desired therapeutic effect without delay. Immediate release formulations are commonly used for drugs requiring rapid absorption or for medications intended to provide symptomatic relief.
Here are some common types of immediate release dosage forms:
Immediate Release Tablets and Capsules: These are solid dosage forms containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) along with excipients. They disintegrate rapidly upon ingestion, releasing the drug for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Immediate release tablets and capsules are often used for drugs with fast absorption rates or those requiring frequent dosing.
Orally Disintegrating Tablets (ODTs) or Orodispersible Tablets: These tablets are designed to disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, usually within seconds, without the need for water. ODTs are particularly useful for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules, such as pediatric or geriatric patients. They provide quick onset of action due to rapid absorption through the oral mucosa.
Immediate Release Liquids: Liquid formulations such as solutions or suspensions can offer rapid absorption of the drug due to their already dissolved or finely dispersed state. They may be administered orally, sublingually (under the tongue), or via other routes depending on the drug’s properties and intended therapeutic effect.
Immediate Release Powders: Fine powders or granules that are dissolved in water or other liquids before administration. These dosage forms provide rapid absorption of the drug, especially when administered orally or via other mucosal routes.
Immediate Release Inhalation Formulations: Aerosolized medications administered via inhalation can rapidly deliver drugs to the lungs for local or systemic effects. Inhalation formulations are often used for the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Immediate release dosage forms are crucial for achieving rapid therapeutic effects, managing acute conditions, and providing symptomatic relief. They are formulated to ensure that the active ingredient is released quickly and efficiently, allowing for effective drug delivery and onset of action. However, their duration of action may be relatively short compared to sustained or extended release formulations, necessitating frequent dosing in some cases.
Parenteral dosage form
Parenteral dosage forms are pharmaceutical formulations that are administered directly into the body through routes other than the digestive tract. These routes include intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), intradermal (ID), and intrathecal (IT), among others. Parenteral administration allows for rapid and precise delivery of medications, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and providing systemic distribution of the drug. Parenteral dosage forms are commonly used in medical settings for various purposes, including emergency treatment, anesthesia, hydration, nutrition, and medication delivery.
Here are some common types of parenteral dosage forms:
Injections:
Intravenous (IV) Injections: Administered directly into a vein, allowing for rapid systemic distribution of the drug. IV injections are used for medications that require immediate effect or when large volumes of fluid are necessary.
Intramuscular (IM) Injections: Administered into a muscle, allowing for slower absorption compared to IV injections. IM injections are commonly used for vaccines, antibiotics, and certain medications requiring sustained release.
Subcutaneous (SC) Injections: Administered into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin, allowing for slower absorption compared to IM or IV injections. SC injections are used for medications requiring sustained release or for those that are irritating to the muscle.
Intradermal (ID) Injections: Administered into the dermal layer of the skin, typically for diagnostic purposes or for vaccines such as the tuberculosis (TB) skin test.
Intrathecal (IT) Injections: Administered into the spinal canal, typically for the delivery of medications directly into the cerebrospinal fluid. Intrathecal injections are used for spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, and certain pain management therapies.
Infusions:
Intravenous (IV) Infusions: Administered as a slow, continuous drip into a vein over a period of time. IV infusions are used for medications that need to be delivered gradually, such as antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, or intravenous fluids.
Implants:
Subcutaneous Implants: Small, solid dosage forms containing a drug that is slowly released over an extended period of time. Subcutaneous implants are typically placed under the skin and provide continuous drug delivery.
Inhalants:
Inhalation Aerosols: Administered via inhalation into the respiratory system, allowing for rapid absorption of medications directly into the lungs. Inhalation aerosols are commonly used for the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Parenteral dosage forms require careful preparation and administration to ensure safety and efficacy. They are commonly used in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings for a wide range of therapeutic purposes, including emergency care, anesthesia, chemotherapy, and pain management.
Meaning of orally disintegrating tablets
Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs), also known as orally dissolving tablets, are solid dosage forms that are designed to disintegrate rapidly in the mouth, usually within seconds to a minute, without the need for water or chewing. They are formulated to facilitate easy administration, especially for individuals who have difficulty swallowing conventional tablets or capsules, such as pediatric, geriatric, or mentally disabled patients.
The key characteristics and advantages of orally disintegrating tablets include:
Rapid Disintegration: ODTs disintegrate quickly upon contact with saliva, allowing for rapid dissolution of the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and subsequent absorption through the oral mucosa.
Ease of Administration: Since ODTs dissolve in the mouth without the need for water, they can be easily administered to patients who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms, such as children or the elderly. This feature enhances patient compliance and convenience.
Improved Bioavailability: The rapid disintegration and absorption of ODTs can lead to enhanced bioavailability of the drug compared to traditional tablet formulations. This is particularly beneficial for drugs with low solubility or those that undergo extensive first-pass metabolism.
Accurate Dosing: ODTs are available in premeasured doses, ensuring accurate dosing and reducing the risk of medication errors.
Improved Taste-Masking: Formulation techniques used in ODTs often involve taste-masking technologies to improve palatability, thereby enhancing patient acceptance, especially in pediatric populations.
Portable and Convenient: ODTs are portable and convenient to carry, making them suitable for on-the-go administration without the need for water or additional equipment.
Orally disintegrating tablets are used for a wide range of medications, including antihistamines, analgesics, antipsychotics, antiemetics, and cardiovascular drugs, among others. They play a significant role in improving medication adherence, especially for patients with specific needs or preferences regarding dosage form.
oral solid dosage
Oral solid dosage forms refer to pharmaceutical formulations that are administered orally in a solid state. These dosage forms are designed to be ingested and then dissolved or disintegrated in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing for the release and absorption of the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (APIs) into the bloodstream. Oral solid dosage forms are among the most common and widely used forms of drug delivery due to their convenience, stability, ease of administration, and patient acceptance. Here are some common types of oral solid dosage forms:
Tablets
Tablets are solid dosage forms containing one or more APIs along with excipients. They are typically compressed into various shapes (e.g., round, oval, oblong) and sizes, with a flat or convex surface. Tablets may be scored for ease of splitting and may have coatings or film layers for taste masking, stability, or controlled release.
Capsules
Capsules are solid dosage forms consisting of a gelatin shell (hard capsule) or other suitable material filled with powdered, granular, or liquid medication. Capsules can be transparent or opaque and may be available in different sizes to accommodate varying doses. They are typically swallowed whole and dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract to release the medication.
Powders
Powders are finely divided solid dosage forms consisting of a mixture of APIs and excipients. They may be packaged in sachets, packets, or bulk containers for reconstitution with water or other liquids before administration. Powders are commonly used for oral suspensions, reconstitutable powders for oral solutions, or direct oral administration.
Granules
Granules are agglomerates of smaller particles, often used in oral dosage forms such as granules for reconstitution or multiparticulate systems. They may be coated or uncoated and can provide advantages such as improved flowability, uniform distribution, and controlled release.
Pills
Pills are small, rounded solid dosage forms traditionally made by rolling or molding a mixture of APIs and excipients into a cohesive mass. While less common in modern pharmaceutical practice, pills may still be used in certain formulations, particularly in compounding pharmacies.
Oral solid dosage forms offer several advantages, including accurate dosing, ease of storage and transportation, extended stability, and reduced risk of microbial contamination compared to liquid dosage forms. They are suitable for a wide range of therapeutic applications and are available in various formulations to meet the needs of different patient populations. Proper administration techniques, patient education, and adherence to dosage instructions are essential for maximizing the efficacy and safety of oral solid dosage forms.
ketamine oral dosage
Ketamine is primarily known as an anesthetic and analgesic agent used in medical settings. While it is commonly administered intravenously or via intramuscular injection, it is less frequently used orally due to its poor bioavailability and unpredictable absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. However, oral ketamine has been studied for various off-label uses, including in the treatment of certain psychiatric conditions such as depression and chronic pain syndromes.
When ketamine is administered orally, the dosage typically needs to be higher compared to other routes of administration to compensate for its reduced bioavailability. Dosages for oral ketamine may vary depending on the specific medical condition being treated, the patient’s individual response to the medication, and other factors. It’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional experienced in the use of ketamine for guidance on dosing and administration.
That said, for off-label use in the treatment of psychiatric conditions, typical dosages of oral ketamine might range from 0.5 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg, taken two to three times daily. However, dosages should always be tailored to each individual patient’s needs and closely monitored by a healthcare provider due to the potential for adverse effects and abuse.
It’s important to emphasize that the use of ketamine, especially orally, should only be conducted under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional in a controlled medical setting. Misuse or inappropriate administration of ketamine can lead to serious adverse effects, including hallucinations, dissociation, and cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Therefore, any use of ketamine should be approached with caution and in accordance with established medical guidelines and protocols.
acetaminophen liquid dosage
Acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, is a common over-the-counter medication used for pain relief and fever reduction. It is available in various dosage forms, including liquids, to accommodate different patient populations, especially children or individuals who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms. Liquid formulations of acetaminophen are typically available as oral solutions or suspensions.
The dosage of acetaminophen liquid depends on factors such as the patient’s age, weight, and the concentration of acetaminophen in the specific formulation being used. It’s essential to follow the dosing instructions provided by the healthcare provider or as indicated on the medication packaging. Here are general guidelines for dosing acetaminophen liquid:
Children’s Acetaminophen Liquid:
For infants and children, the dose is typically based on weight rather than age.
The concentration of acetaminophen in children’s liquid formulations can vary, so it’s essential to check the concentration (usually expressed in milligrams per milliliter) and use an appropriate dosing device, such as a calibrated oral syringe or dosing cup.
A common concentration for children’s acetaminophen liquid is 160 mg/5 mL or 160 mg/1 teaspoon (tsp).
The recommended dosage for children is usually 10-15 mg/kg per dose, given every 4-6 hours as needed, with a maximum daily dose of 75 mg/kg.
It’s crucial to avoid exceeding the maximum daily dose to prevent the risk of acetaminophen overdose, which can lead to liver damage.
Adult Acetaminophen Liquid:
Liquid acetaminophen formulations for adults are less common, but they may be available in some cases for individuals who have difficulty swallowing tablets or capsules.
The dosage for adults is typically similar to that of the solid dosage forms, with the recommended dose of 325 mg to 650 mg every 4-6 hours as needed, not exceeding 4 grams (4000 mg) per day to avoid liver toxicity.
It’s important to use acetaminophen liquid formulations as directed by a healthcare provider or according to the instructions provided on the medication packaging. Overdosing on acetaminophen can lead to severe liver damage and even be fatal, so it’s crucial to adhere to recommended dosages and avoid combining acetaminophen with other medications containing acetaminophen without medical supervision. If you have any questions or concerns about dosing acetaminophen liquid, consult a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
depakote extended release dosage
Depakote ER (extended-release) is a formulation of divalproex sodium, a medication primarily used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraine headaches. Depakote ER is designed to release the medication slowly over time, allowing for once-daily dosing and smoother blood level fluctuations compared to immediate-release formulations. Dosage recommendations for Depakote ER depend on the patient’s medical condition, response to treatment, and other individual factors. Here are typical dosage guidelines for Depakote ER:
Epilepsy (Seizure Disorder):
Initial Dosage: The usual starting dose of Depakote ER for epilepsy in adults is 25 mg/kg/day, up to a maximum of 60 mg/kg/day. However, the total daily dose should not exceed 60 mg/kg/day.
Titration: The dosage may be gradually increased by 10-20 mg/kg/week until seizures are controlled or side effects occur. The recommended dose range is typically 25-60 mg/kg/day.
Maintenance: Once seizures are controlled, the effective dose is usually in the range of 10-15 mg/kg/day. Some patients may require higher doses.
Pediatric Dosage: The dosage for children with epilepsy is based on weight and age, typically starting at 10-15 mg/kg/day and gradually titrating up to the effective dose.
Bipolar Disorder:
Initial Dosage: The starting dose of Depakote ER for bipolar disorder in adults is usually 25 mg/kg/day, up to a maximum of 60 mg/kg/day.
Titration: The dosage may be adjusted based on the patient’s response and tolerability, typically increasing by 10-20 mg/kg/week until symptoms are controlled.
Maintenance: The effective maintenance dose is generally in the range of 15-60 mg/kg/day, although some patients may require higher doses.
Migraine Prophylaxis:
Initial Dosage: The starting dose for migraine prophylaxis in adults is typically 25 mg/kg/day, up to a maximum of 60 mg/kg/day.
Titration: The dosage may be increased by 10-20 mg/kg/week as tolerated until symptoms are controlled.
Maintenance: The effective maintenance dose is usually in the range of 10-15 mg/kg/day.
Dosage adjustments may be necessary for patients with renal impairment, hepatic impairment, or those taking medications that interact with Depakote ER. It’s essential to follow the dosing instructions provided by a healthcare professional and to monitor for potential side effects, especially during dose adjustments. Never adjust your dosage without consulting your healthcare provider. If you have any questions or concerns about your Depakote ER dosage, be sure to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
prolia dosage forms
Prolia (denosumab) is a medication used to treat osteoporosis and bone-related conditions, particularly in postmenopausal women and men at increased risk of fractures. It is administered as an injection and is available in a specific dosage form.
The dosage form of Prolia is:
Solution for Subcutaneous Injection:
Prolia is supplied as a clear, colorless to pale yellow solution in a single-use prefilled syringe or autoinjector device.
The solution is intended for subcutaneous injection, typically into the thigh, abdomen, or upper arm.
Each prefilled syringe or autoinjector contains a specific dose of denosumab, typically 60 mg per 1 mL of solution.
Dosage and administration of Prolia:
The recommended dosage of Prolia for the treatment of osteoporosis is 60 mg administered once every 6 months as a subcutaneous injection.
Prolia injections should be administered by a healthcare professional.
Patients should receive calcium and vitamin D supplementation if dietary intake is inadequate.
It’s essential for patients to receive proper instructions from healthcare providers regarding the administration of Prolia injections and to follow the prescribed dosing schedule. Additionally, patients should be monitored regularly for bone density and other relevant parameters to assess treatment efficacy and safety. If you have any questions or concerns about Prolia or its dosage forms, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.
concerta dosage forms
Concerta is a brand-name medication that contains the active ingredient methylphenidate, which is a central nervous system stimulant. It is primarily used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. Concerta is available in extended-release tablets, and it’s important to note that there are no other dosage forms for Concerta; it is only available as an oral extended-release tablet.
Here are the key features of Concerta extended-release tablets:
Extended-Release Tablets:
Concerta tablets are designed to release the medication gradually over an extended period, providing a sustained therapeutic effect throughout the day.
The tablet has a unique extended-release delivery system called OROS (osmotic controlled-release oral delivery system), which consists of a rigid outer shell and a drug core with a small hole for controlled release.
Concerta tablets come in various strengths, typically ranging from 18 mg to 54 mg, although strengths may vary depending on the country and prescribing guidelines.
The tablets are usually taken once daily in the morning with or without food, as directed by a healthcare provider.
Concerta tablets should be swallowed whole and not crushed, chewed, or divided, as this could disrupt the extended-release mechanism and increase the risk of overdose or adverse effects.
The duration of action of Concerta typically lasts for about 8 to 12 hours, providing coverage throughout the school or work day.
Concerta is a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse and dependence, so it should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Dosage adjustments may be necessary based on individual response and tolerance. It’s important for patients and caregivers to follow the prescribed dosage instructions carefully and to report any concerns or side effects to a healthcare provider promptly.
As of my last update, Concerta is only available in the extended-release tablet form. Always refer to the latest prescribing information or consult with a healthcare professional for the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding medication options and dosing.
humira dosage psoriatic arthritis
Humira (adalimumab) is a medication used to treat various inflammatory conditions, including psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The dosage of Humira for Psoriatic Arthritis typically follows a standard regimen recommended by healthcare professionals. However, it’s crucial to note that dosage may vary based on individual factors such as disease severity, response to treatment, and other medical considerations. Here is a general overview of the dosing regimen for Humira in the treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis:
Initial Dosing:
The typical initial dose of Humira for Psoriatic Arthritis is 80 mg administered subcutaneously (under the skin) at Week 0 (day 0), followed by 40 mg administered subcutaneously at Week 2 (day 14).
Maintenance Dosing:
After the initial loading doses, Humira is administered as a maintenance dose of 40 mg subcutaneously every other week (every 14 days) thereafter.
Dosing Adjustment:
Dosing adjustments may be considered based on individual patient response, disease activity, and treatment goals. Some patients may require dose escalation or more frequent dosing to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Combination Therapy:
Humira may be used alone or in combination with other medications commonly used to treat Psoriatic Arthritis, such as methotrexate or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The choice of combination therapy depends on the individual patient’s needs and treatment response.
Monitoring and Evaluation:
Patients receiving Humira therapy for Psoriatic Arthritis should be regularly monitored by healthcare professionals for treatment response, disease activity, and adverse effects. Periodic assessments may include clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies to assess disease progression and treatment efficacy.
It’s essential for patients to follow the prescribed dosing regimen and to adhere to their healthcare provider’s instructions regarding Humira therapy. Missing doses or altering the dosing schedule without medical supervision can impact treatment effectiveness and may increase the risk of disease flare-ups or adverse effects.
As with any medication, Humira carries potential risks and benefits, and its use should be carefully considered in consultation with a healthcare professional. Patients should discuss any questions or concerns about Humira dosage and treatment with their healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
zolpidem extended release dosage
Zolpidem extended-release (ER) is a formulation of zolpidem, a medication primarily used to treat insomnia. Zolpidem ER is designed to provide a controlled release of the medication over an extended period, promoting sleep initiation and maintenance throughout the night. The dosage of zolpidem ER may vary depending on factors such as the patient’s age, medical condition, response to treatment, and other individual considerations. However, here are typical dosage guidelines for zolpidem extended-release:
Initial Dose:
The typical starting dose of zolpidem extended-release for adults is 6.25 mg or 12.5 mg, taken once daily immediately before bedtime.
The appropriate starting dose may vary based on individual factors such as age, gender, and coexisting medical conditions. Healthcare providers may consider initiating treatment at the lower dose to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Dosage Adjustment:
The dosage of zolpidem extended-release may be adjusted based on the patient’s response to treatment and tolerability.
If the initial dose is not effective or well-tolerated, the healthcare provider may consider increasing the dose gradually, up to a maximum of 12.5 mg once daily.
Dose adjustments should be made cautiously and under medical supervision to minimize the risk of adverse effects and over-sedation.
Special Populations:
Elderly Patients: The starting dose of zolpidem ER in elderly patients or those with hepatic impairment should generally be lower to reduce the risk of excessive sedation and impaired motor function.
Renally Impaired Patients: No dosage adjustment is usually necessary for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. However, zolpidem ER should be used with caution in patients with severe renal impairment.
Duration of Treatment:
Zolpidem extended-release is typically prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia, usually for up to 7 to 10 days.
Prolonged use of zolpidem ER should be avoided, as it may lead to dependence, tolerance, and rebound insomnia upon discontinuation.
Administration:
Zolpidem ER tablets should be swallowed whole and not crushed, chewed, or split, as this could disrupt the extended-release mechanism and increase the risk of adverse effects.
It’s essential to follow the dosing instructions provided by the healthcare provider and to use zolpidem extended-release only as directed. Patients should not exceed the prescribed dosage or take zolpidem ER for longer than recommended without consulting a healthcare professional. If you have any questions or concerns about zolpidem ER dosage, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
concerta extended release dosage
Concerta (methylphenidate) extended-release (ER) is a medication primarily used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. Concerta ER is designed to provide a controlled release of the medication over an extended period, allowing for once-daily dosing and sustained symptom control throughout the day. The dosage of Concerta ER may vary depending on factors such as the patient’s age, weight, individual response to treatment, and severity of ADHD symptoms. However, here are typical dosage guidelines for Concerta extended-release:
Starting Dose:
The typical starting dose of Concerta extended-release for children (ages 6-12) and adolescents (ages 13-17) is usually 18 mg once daily in the morning.
The starting dose for adults (18 years and older) may be higher, typically 18 mg to 36 mg once daily in the morning.
The starting dose may be adjusted based on individual response and tolerability.
Titration and Maintenance Dose:
The dose of Concerta ER may be titrated gradually to achieve optimal symptom control while minimizing side effects.
The dosage may be increased in increments of 18 mg at weekly intervals until the desired response is achieved.
The maximum recommended dose of Concerta ER is 54 mg per day for children and adolescents and 72 mg per day for adults.
Once the optimal dose is established, Concerta ER is typically administered once daily in the morning.
Special Populations:
Dosing adjustments may be necessary for patients with hepatic impairment or renal impairment. Concerta ER should be used with caution in these populations.
Elderly patients may require lower initial doses of Concerta ER due to the potential for increased sensitivity to stimulant medications.
Duration of Treatment:
Concerta ER is usually prescribed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan for ADHD, which may include behavioral therapy and educational interventions.
Treatment with Concerta ER is typically continued for as long as it provides therapeutic benefits and is well-tolerated. Periodic reassessment of the need for continued treatment is recommended.
Administration:
Concerta ER tablets should be swallowed whole with water and not crushed, chewed, or divided. The outer shell of the tablet is designed to provide extended release of the medication.
Concerta ER is usually taken once daily in the morning, with or without food.
It’s important to follow the dosing instructions provided by the healthcare provider and to use Concerta ER only as directed. Patients should not exceed the prescribed dosage or alter the dosing schedule without consulting a healthcare professional. If you have any questions or concerns about Concerta ER dosage, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
risperidone liquid dosage
Risperidone is an antipsychotic medication used to treat conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autism. While risperidone is commonly available in tablet and orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) forms, it is also available as an oral solution (liquid) for patients who have difficulty swallowing tablets. The dosage of risperidone oral solution can vary based on the patient’s age, medical condition, response to treatment, and other individual factors. Here are some typical dosage guidelines for risperidone oral solution:
Schizophrenia:
For adults: The starting dose of risperidone oral solution is usually 2 mg per day, taken once daily or divided into two doses. The dose may be gradually increased by 1 to 2 mg per day at intervals of 24 hours or longer, depending on the patient’s response and tolerability. The usual effective dose ranges from 4 to 8 mg per day.
For adolescents (ages 13-17): The starting dose is typically 0.5 mg twice daily, with dosage adjustments made gradually based on response and tolerability. The recommended dose range is 0.5 to 6 mg per day.
For children (ages 10-12): The starting dose is typically 0.25 mg twice daily, with dosage adjustments made gradually based on response and tolerability. The recommended dose range is 0.5 to 6 mg per day.
Bipolar Disorder:
The starting dose of risperidone oral solution for the treatment of bipolar disorder is usually similar to that used for schizophrenia (2 mg per day for adults). Dosage adjustments may be made based on response and tolerability, with the usual effective dose ranging from 1 to 6 mg per day.
Irritability Associated with Autism:
For children and adolescents (ages 5-16): The starting dose of risperidone oral solution is typically 0.25 mg once daily, with dosage adjustments made gradually based on response and tolerability. The recommended dose range is 0.5 to 3 mg per day.
It’s important to follow the dosing instructions provided by the healthcare provider and to use risperidone oral solution only as directed. Dosage adjustments should be made cautiously and under medical supervision to minimize the risk of adverse effects. If you have any questions or concerns about risperidone dosage, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
radicava oral dose
Radicava (edaravone) is a medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons. Radicava is administered intravenously, not orally. It is typically given as a continuous intravenous infusion over a 60-minute period.
The standard dosing regimen for Radicava is:
60 mg administered intravenously over a period of 60 minutes once daily for 14 days, followed by a 14-day drug-free period.
This 14-day treatment cycle is repeated every 28 days for as long as the healthcare provider determines that the patient is benefiting from treatment.
It’s important to note that Radicava should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional experienced in the treatment of ALS. The intravenous infusion should be prepared and administered according to the manufacturer’s instructions and in compliance with aseptic techniques to minimize the risk of infection.
Radicava has not been formulated for oral administration, and there is no recommended oral dose. It is essential for patients to receive Radicava treatment as prescribed by their healthcare provider and to adhere to the recommended dosing schedule for optimal therapeutic benefit. If you have any questions or concerns about Radicava dosing or treatment, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
repatha dosage forms
Repatha (evolocumab) is a medication used to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia. It is a type of medication called a PCSK9 inhibitor. Repatha is available in two dosage forms:
Subcutaneous Injection:
Repatha is primarily administered as a subcutaneous injection, meaning it is injected under the skin.
It comes in prefilled syringes or autoinjectors for ease of administration.
The injection is typically given once every 2 weeks or once monthly, depending on the prescribed dosing regimen.
The injection sites commonly used for Repatha include the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm.
Single-Use Pushtronex System:
In addition to prefilled syringes and autoinjectors, Repatha is also available in a single-use Pushtronex system.
The Pushtronex system is a hands-free device that delivers Repatha through an automated process.
The system is designed for ease of use and convenience, allowing patients to administer their injections with minimal manual effort.
It’s important for patients to receive proper training from a healthcare professional on how to administer Repatha injections safely and effectively. Dosage and administration instructions should be followed carefully to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes and to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Repatha is a prescription medication, and the dosage and dosing frequency are determined by the prescribing healthcare provider based on factors such as the patient’s cholesterol levels, cardiovascular risk factors, and treatment goals. Patients should consult their healthcare provider for personalized dosing recommendations and guidance on the use of Repatha.
trelegy dosage form
Trelegy Ellipta is a medication used for the long-term maintenance treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a combination medication that contains three active ingredients: fluticasone furoate (an inhaled corticosteroid), umeclidinium (a long-acting muscarinic antagonist or LAMA), and vilanterol (a long-acting beta agonist or LABA). Trelegy Ellipta is delivered via an inhalation device called the Ellipta inhaler.
The dosage form of Trelegy Ellipta is a dry powder inhaler. This inhaler device is designed to deliver the medication as a fine powder that is inhaled into the lungs. The device has a preloaded blister strip containing the medication, and the patient activates the inhaler by sliding the cover until it clicks, which punctures the blister and releases the powder for inhalation.
Each inhalation delivers a specific dose of the medication combination, and the prescribed dosing regimen typically involves inhaling one dose once daily. The dosage strength of Trelegy Ellipta contains fixed doses of each active ingredient, so the prescribed dosage remains consistent for each inhalation.
It’s important for patients to receive proper training from a healthcare professional on how to use the Trelegy Ellipta inhaler correctly to ensure effective drug delivery. Patients should follow the dosing instructions provided by their healthcare provider and should not exceed the prescribed dosage without medical supervision. If you have any questions or concerns about the use of Trelegy Ellipta or its dosage form, it’s essential to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
entyvio dosage form
Entyvio (vedolizumab) is a medication used to treat adults with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease when other treatments have not been effective enough or are not suitable. It is a monoclonal antibody that works by specifically targeting and blocking the inflammatory response in the gut.
Entyvio is available as a solution for intravenous infusion, which means it is administered directly into a vein. The dosage form of Entyvio is a sterile, preservative-free solution provided in single-dose vials or prefilled syringes for intravenous administration.
Here are some key points about the administration of Entyvio:
Intravenous Infusion:
Entyvio is administered by a healthcare professional in a healthcare facility, such as a hospital or infusion center.
The infusion is typically given over a period of 30 minutes, although the specific infusion time may vary based on individual patient factors and healthcare provider preferences.
The recommended dosage regimen for Entyvio is an initial dose followed by maintenance doses.
The initial dose of Entyvio is usually administered as a 300 mg infusion at weeks 0, 2, and 6.
Maintenance doses are given as a 300 mg infusion every 8 weeks thereafter.
Preparation and Administration:
Entyvio should be administered by a healthcare professional trained in the preparation and administration of intravenous medications.
The solution should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discoloration before administration. If any abnormalities are observed, the solution should not be used.
The solution should be diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride solution prior to administration, and the infusion should be administered using a sterile, non-pyrogenic infusion set.
Monitoring and Follow-Up:
Patients receiving Entyvio therapy should be monitored closely for signs of infusion-related reactions or other adverse effects during and after each infusion.
Healthcare providers may also perform regular assessments to evaluate the patient’s response to treatment and disease activity.
It’s essential for patients to receive Entyvio treatment as prescribed by their healthcare provider and to adhere to the recommended dosing regimen. If you have any questions or concerns about Entyvio or its administration, it’s important to discuss them with your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations.
Purpose of Dosage Forms
The purpose and usage of Dosage forms mainly depend on Patient Safety and Drug Safety.
1. To deliver precise dosages in a safe and easy manner. Examples: Tablets, capsules, syrups.
2. Uses to cover the bitter taste or odor of drug substances. Examples – Capsules, coated tablets, flavored syrups
3. Insoluble or unstable in the selected vehicle, provide a liquid formulation of the insoluble or unstable medication. Example – Suspension
4. Controlled-release methods prolong the duration of the medication effect. Example – Controlled release tablets, capsules, suspensions
5. After oral delivery, a drug substance is protected from stomach acid. Example – Enteric-coated tablets
6. Provide optional drug action from topical administration sites. Example – Ointment, cream, ear, and nasal preparations
7. Drugs can inject into the body’s tissues. Example – Implants
8. Inhalation treatment is the most effective way to get optimum medication activity. Example – Inhalants
9. Liquid dosage forms of chemicals soluble in the vehicle of your choice. Example – Solution
10. Provide for the introduction of medication into the body’s orifice. Example – Rectal and vaginal suppositories
11. Protection of a drug substance from atmospheric oxygen or moisture. Example – Coated capsules, sealed ampules.
Definition of Drug (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients)
“Drogue” is an old French term that means “dry herb” and is sometimes used interchangeably with the word “drug”. The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is the component of a medication that creates its action.
Chemical compounds are intended for use in the diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of disease(s) in humans and other animals. These are referring as “pharmaceutical products” or “pharmaceuticals”. Chemical/organic synthesis, molecular modification, and biotechnology uses to produce medicines in recent years.
Definition of Excipients
Do not increase or affect the therapeutic action of the active components. They are also known as inactive components or excipients and have no pharmacological action in general. Examples of inactive components are dyes, preservatives, sweetening agents, binding materials, coloring agents and flavoring agents, etc.
Latest pharma articles – Incident Investigation Reporting Guidance
Definitions of Different Dose Forms
1. Liquid Dosage forms
Droughts: Liquid oral formulations comprising single or several doses of medication.
Elixirs: Excipients and medicaments in a liquid formulation for oral administration.
Emulsions: Water-based suspension of oils and fats using an emulsifying agent. Emulsifying agent coats oil particles so they do not coalesce when the interfacial tension between oil and water decreases. As a result, an emulsion is created.
Suspensions: One or more active components dispersed in a suitable medium are used in biphasic liquid formulations for oral administration. When shaken, it disperses into a uniform suspension that is stable enough to deliver the precise dosage.
Gargles: Externally applied aqueous solutions that are concentrated for treating throat infections.
Gels: Dispersions of medicaments in water used as antacids.
Lotions: External liquid preparations are generally administered without friction.
Liniments: The application of external liquid preparations is generally done via friction.
Mixtures: One or more medications are included in liquid oral preparations.
Mouthwashes: In a similar manner to gargles, these mouthwashes are used for oral cleanliness and to treat oral infections.
Nasal drops: Dropper-instilled liquid solutions used to treat nose infections and blockages.
Solutions: Liquid medicine that can use for internal or exterior applications.
Syrups: With or without sugar and medicaments, sweet, viscous, concentrated liquid medicines are made.
2. Solid Dosage forms
Powders: Solid dose formulations comprising micron-sized, finely fragmented particles.
Tablets: Medication in solid dose form, either with or without excipients.
Granules: Particles in a group.
Capsules: Gelatin capsules are used to encapsulate drugs.
Pills: Excipients are contained in this small pill.
Lozenges: Sugar and gum-based solid formulations used to treat mouth and throat disorders.
Suppositories: Solid dosage form carrying medication that is put into bodily cavities other than the mouth, such as the rectum, nose, or ear.
3. Semisolid Dosage forms
Ointments: Ointment-based semisolid dose forms for external applications that include or do not contain medications.
Creams: With or without medicaments, semisolid external dose forms with an appropriate fatty basis are available.
Paste: With an appropriate fat basis, semisolid external dosage forms include a significant proportion of finely powdered medicaments.
Gels: Contains hydrophilic or hydrophobic base and gelling agents. Transparent semisolid dose forms for external usage.
4. Gaseous dosage form
Aerosols: Dispersion of solid or liquid particles in gas for application to the respiratory tract, using an atomizer.
Inhalations: These consist of pharmaceutical liquid preparations for internal consumption, which are either dispersed or suspended in the propellant.
Sprays: Application of alcohol-containing medication aerosols to the nose or throat using an atomizer or nebulizer.
Stay tuned here for never before latest pharma updates, only at PharmaeliX.